Lithographic antenna coupled infrared detectors were introduced during the mid 1970s. Comparison of dipole, bowtie, spiral and logperiodic ir. Human knowledge of infrared ir radiation is about 200 years old. The detector can simultaneously sense the intensity and the state of. A wide dynamic range polarization sensing long wave. Preamplifier configuration 388 references 390 bibliography 391 problems 392 chapter 9. Rogalski institute of applied physics, military university of technology, 2 kaliskiego str. Longwavelength infrared photovoltaic heterodyne receivers using patch antenna quantum cascade detectors azzurra bigioli,1,4 giovanni armaroli,1 angela vasanelli,1 djamal gacemi,1 yanko todorov,1 daniele palaferri,1,3 lianhe li,2 a. Based on antenna theory, an optical antenna can absorb any wavelength of light efficiently provided that the size of the antenna is optimized for that specific wavelength. However, it remains a great challenge to achieve high responsivity in graphene detectors because of graphenes weak optical absorption only 2. To this end, a workshop was conducted during the 1997 summer study with distinguished participants drawn from industry, academia, and government, listed in. In this study, the use of nano antennas to improve the response performance of infrared detectors is proposed, and the design and fabrication of antennas that operate in the infrared. Table i measurements and figures of merit for a singleelement 2d array and fzpcoupled antenna coupled detectors position of the device until the maximum.
Madhu ganesh added it sep 26, trivia about infrared detector from the publisher two acknowledged authorities in the field describe the optical detection process and electronics involved in mimicking the eye. Mirotznik the catholic university of america washington, dc thomas s. Mar 14, 2000 this invention relates to infrared detectors, and in particular to an antenna, which includes a diode at the antenna feed whose capacitance is controlled by an externally applied voltage. However, there are losses associated with metallic structures. Development of infrared detector with slot antennacoupled. Pdf nanoantenna infrared detectors giuseppe scarpa. Direct capacitive coupling of infrared detectors to ccd multiplexers proceedings of spie may 07 1980 infrared phasedarray sensor. Infrared detectors and systems is a complete, accessible, and timely exposition of a technology whose applications are increasingly important and widespread. Infrared antennas can be coupled to various types of infrared detectors such as microbolometers 3,4,5, thermocouples 6,7, metalinsulatormetal mim diodes 8,9, and schottky diodes 10 to achieve. Irfpas are made up of two parts, a detector array and a readout integrated circuit roic multiplexer. Terahertz emitters and detectors martin vaughan optoelectronics research group spring seminars 2008. Here we exploit the idea of a halfwave hertz dipole antenna length. The nano antenna operating in the thz regime, is conceptually used to optimize the energy transfer from the freely propagating radiation field to a localized sensor which becomes much smaller than the operating wavelength,14.
Exploitation of phasing effects between multiple antennas facilitates a wide range of applications, including syntheticaperture radar, beam forming, and beam scanning. Boreman, senior member, ieee abstractsignaltonoise ratio snr is a valuable. Bean, member, ieee, arthur weeks, senior member, ieee,and glenn d. Two fabrication processes were developed to improve the thermal isolation of the antenna. Infrared antennas and resonant structures 2017 alda. Metalinsulatormetal mim diodes, and microbolometers,, integrated with the antennas. Calculations of electromagnetic behaviors of the designs and verifications are presented.
Most antenna cou pled infrared detectors that use bolometers as the detection mechanism emplo y di erent metals to form the body of the antenna and. Most antenna coupled detectors in the infrared rely on a metal resonator structure. Antenna coupled infrared detectors for imaging applications abstract. Highresponsivity midinfrared graphene detectors with. Implementing infrared detection by coupling infrared tuned antenna with a microbolometer offers a promising technological platform for mass production of uncooled infrared detectors and imaging arrays. Be the first to ask a question about infrared detectors and systems. It also allows for the invention of new detector concepts that are not possible with existing technology. Raising interest in terahertz radiation loosely defined as the 0. A polarization sensing infrared detector consisting of two orthogonal slot antennas was presented and discussed in this paper. Nanoantenna coupled infrared detector design article pdf available in sensors 1811.
Sep 12, 2019 the nanoantennaenhanced design helps detectors see more than 50% of an objects infrared radiation while also reducing image distortion caused by dark current, whereas current technology can only see about 25% of infrared radiation. An infrared detector is a detector that reacts to infrared ir radiation. Antennacoupled microbolometers are fast uncooled detectors with good sensitivity, directivity and can be polarization and wavelength selective. In this letter, a broadband graphenebased terahertz detector with good integrability and sensitivity at room temperature is proposed. Many other e orts dealing with antenna like structures date back into the eighties and even before, mostly driven by the need for e cient infrared ir detectors. Antenna 1 receives the maximum power when the incident beam has an electric field in the plane.
Bolometers and microbolometers are based on changes in resistance. It is shown in general that for any detector characterized by a specific detectivity d, noise. Midinfrared nanometallic antenna assisted silicon waveguide. Nearfield mapping of dipole nanoantennacoupled bolometers. Antoni rogalski, an internationally recognized pioneer in the field, covers t. However, as a detector with a dipole antenna has a disadvantage of being difficult to construct with electromagnetic circuits, the slot antenna has significantly more advantages in the design of the mir detector. Osa dualfrequency cmos terahertz detector with silicon. Fabrication of nanoantennas for superconducting infrared. Effects of transmission line geometry on travelingwave metal.
Aug 30, 2004 uncooled bolometric detectors used in infrared imaging systems have slow time constants 10 ms which makes them impractical for fastframerate applications. Antenna coupled infrared detectors for imaging applications article pdf available in ieee journal of selected topics in quantum electronics 111. Pdf antenna coupled infrared detectors for wavelength. Highresponsivity mid infrared graphene detectors with antenna enhanced photocarrier generation and collection. Antenna coupled infrared detectors for wavelength selectivity. A nano antenna consists of a dipole antenna, and a. It is also a valuable reference for practicing engineers involved in the use, design, analysis, and testing of infrared detectorbased systems. These interesting devices can be applied to a variety of fields in optics and photonics, where infrared detection can now overcome the. Theoretical performance of thermal detectors 398 9. Fabrication of nano antennas for superconducting infrared detectors. Antennacoupled infrared and millimeterwave detectors. The mid infrared mir wavelength region is attracting more and more research for applications such as medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and free space communications. Optical antennas, infrared antennas, antenna coupled detectors, plasmonic antennas, nano antennas. Infrared antennas and resonant structures are examples of the advances achieved during the last two decades based on the electromagnetic interaction of light and a wise combination of material and geometry.
Abdelrahman, mohd tafir mustaffa, ahmad shukri mustapa kamal, and saad m. We consider the transition at the feedpoint to be part of the antenna for the discussion of impedance matching between the antenna and the twd. This allows polarization tuning of the collected infrared radiation onto an infrared detector sensor. Ideally, antennas would be used to absorb light at wavelengths between 0. Dipole, bowtie, spiral and logperiodic ir antenna coupled detectors were measured at 10. For the first time, the phased addition of multiple dipole antennas is demonstrated in the infrared, at a. Integrated infrared detectors using dipole antennas, bowtie antennas, logperiodic antennas, spiral antennas, microstrip patch antennas, and microstrip dipole antennas have been reported. These detectors have collection areas in the order of 10. Antenna structures for optical coupling in quantumwell infrared detectors approved for public release. Pdf infrared antenna coupled phasedarray semantic scholar. Pdf antennacoupled infrared detectors for imaging applications. Since the 1940s, infrared ir detection and imaging at wavelengths in. The detector active region in our device has a volume of 150 nm 60 nm 80 nm, which we believe is the smallest semiconductor photodetector demonstrated experimentally so far.
Another approach to achieve multispectral imaging capabilities using microbolometer arrays would be the use of a stackablearray. An experimental infrared test bench used for determining the detection characteristics of these detectors is detailed, along with the figures of merit which have been measured and calculated. The reduction in nep is expected to be on the order of b. Sandias nanoantennas help detectors see more heat, less noise nano loading optical engineer michael goldflam sets up equipment to load and characterize a new nanoantennaenabled detector sandia researchers have developed tiny, gold antennas to help cameras and sensors that see heat deliver clearer pictures of thermal infrared radiation for. Polarizationtunable antennacoupled infrared detector.
Graphenebased broadband terahertz detector integrated. In the mir, thermal detectors play an important role because they can operate over a large wavelength range, can be fabricated using cmos compatible processes, and do not require cooling. Detection mechanisms in microstrip dipole antennacoupled. Us20140175287a1 optical antenna enhanced infrared detector. We also elucidate the mechanism of photoconductive gain in the graphene detectors and demonstrate midinfrared midir antennaassisted graphene detectors at room temperature with more than 200 times enhancement of responsivity. A theoretical study has been made of the use of antennas to couple radiation to infrared detectors. The thermal effects of the incident ir radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena. That is, the slot antenna can be constructed using a metal layer, which can be used as a ground plane of a line. The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic photodetectors. Antenna coupled microbolometers are fast uncooled detectors with good sensitivity, directivity and can be polarization and wavelength selective. The measured performance of fabricated acmomds is presented, including responsivity, noise performance, signaltonoise ratio, noiseequivalent power, and. Nano antenna coupled infrared detector design article pdf available in sensors 1811. Nanometrescale germanium photodetector enhanced by a near. Fabrication, measurement and optimization, authorcharles middleton, year2006.
Pc antennas current pulse coplanar transmission line ultrafast photoconductive substrate laser spot. Antenna coupled detectors break the intrinsic tradeoff between signal and noise by collecting over a large area and detecting over a small area. Phasedarray antennas are commonplace in the radiofrequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Longwavelength infrared photovoltaic heterodyne receivers. Tunable antennacoupled metaloxidemetal mom uncooled. Antenna coupled infrared and millimeterwave detectors. Relative response of infrared detectors is plotted as a function of wavelength with either a vertical scale of w1 or photon1 see fig. Most antenna cou pled infrared detectors that use bolometers as the detection mechanism emplo y di erent metals to form the body of the antenna and the bolo meter. The paper presents progress in infrared ir detector technologies during 200 history of their development. Wide dynamic range, anglesensing, longwave infrared.
Completely revised and reorganized while retaining the approachable style of the first edition, infrared detectors, second edition addresses the latest developments in the science and technology of infrared ir detection. To improve the response performance of superconducting infrared detectors, we have developed a fabrication process for nano antennas. Multifrequency terahertz thz detectors have shown great application potentials in thz imaging and sensing systems. For the first time to our knowledge, a novel dualfrequency thz detector with the stacked structure consisting of a siliconbased plasmonic antenna and a metalbased antenna in one compact unit is proposed and fabricated in standard cmos technology. Infrared focal plane arrays irfpas are a critical component in advanced infrared imaging systems. Quantum well infrared detectors qwips homojunction devices.
Graphene is an attractive photoconductive material for optical detection due to its broad absorption spectrum and ultrashort response time. An approach for designing antenna coupled infrared detectors planar multimode detectors for wavelength selectivity, and dielectric coated salisbury screen and jaumann absorber for wavelength selectivity and broad band absorption is presented. Antenna structures for optical coupling in quantumwell. Particle swarm optimization of nanoantennabased infrared. We also elucidate the mechanism of photoconductive gain in the graphene detectors and demonstrate mid infrared midir antenna assisted graphene detectors at room temperature with more than 200 times enhancement of responsivity. Faska sanders, a lockheed martin company nashua, nh. Beck sensors and electron devices directorate, arl mark s. Antenna coupled infrared detectors for imaging applications. Spatial response of infrared antennas proceedings of spie july 22 1998. Methods and systems for electromagnetic detection are disclosed, including providing an optical antenna enhanced detector comprising. Subwavelength antimonide infrared detector coupled with. For the first time, the phased addition of multiple dipole antennas is demonstrated in the infrared, at a wavelength of 10. Supplementary information antenna integrated aligned. To improve the response performance of superconducting infrared detectors, we propose using a photonic antenna with a microdetector in conjunction with a nanostructure.
Nanometrescale germanium photodetector enhanced by a. In chapter 3, the wavelength selective tiled microbolometers have been introduced for multispectral imaging. In this paper, we report evaluation results that show the basic characteristics of a photonic antenna in the mid infrared region. In the near infrared, two materials are used for focal plane arrays. The spatial response of infrared antennas on a substrate also contributes to the understanding of the resonant modes propagating on the structure.
It also defines the spacing of individual detectors required for construction of an area receiver, and in a twodimensional array allows calculation of crosstalk level between adjacent devices. This increase in temperature results in a change of resistance which can be measured and correlated to the amount of radiation incident on the nano antenna. Evaluation of nanoslot antenna for midinfrared detectors. Thermal detectors heat sink thermal conductance of. Highly polarizationsensitive far infrared detector based on optical antenna integrated aligned carbon nanotube film binkai chen, zhaoyu ji, jing zhou, yu yu, xu dai, mengke lan, yonghao bu, tianyun zhu, zhifeng li, jiaming hao, xiaoshuang chen 7klv ohfwurqlf6xssohphqwdu\0dwhuldo 6, iru1dqrvfdoh. The current stateoftheart infrared detection technology requires either exotic materials or cryogenic conditions to perform its duty. Nano antenna coupled detectors have been introduced as a new member in the ir detector family.
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